An Abbe condenser is composed of two lenses that control the light that passes through the specimen before entering the objective lens on the microscope. To have good resolution at 1000x, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. When coupled with a 10x (most common) eyepiece lens, total magnification is 40x (4x times 10x), 100x, 400x and 1000x. They almost always consist of 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x powers. Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part of the microscope that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. Stage with Stage Clips: The flat platform where you place your slides. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage. Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.Īrm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base.īase: The bottom of the microscope, used for support. The Functions & Parts of a Microscope What are the Parts of a Microscope?Įyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through, usually 10x or 15x power. Links will take you to additional information and images. Before purchasing or using a compound microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification:Ģ. The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10x) magnification. The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (versus an electron microscope).
This study demonstrates that SERS technology based on Au-wrapped nanorod arrays, in conjunction with deep learning algorithms, can promptly and accurately differentiate normal cells from tumor cells, thereby offering an effective approach to enhance the sensitivity of urine cytology tests.Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590 ( more history here). Additionally, an attention heatmap was generated to highlight the wavenumber range that contributed the most in the SERS spectra, aiding in discriminating various cell species. Among these, the classification network system integrating spatial attention mechanism with DenseNet exhibited the highest classification performance, yielding an accuracy rate of nearly 99%. Five machine learning algorithms were implemented for cell type differentiation and prediction. Notably, a remarkably high spectral resemblance was observed among the three distinct types of urologic tumor cells. In this investigation, SERS spectra of urologic tumor cells and blood cells were acquired using an ordered substrate comprising Au-wrapped nanorod arrays. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), coupled with suitable machine learning algorithms, holds significant potential for rapid, sensitive, label-free, and non-destructive detection and identification of tumor cells. Enhancing the accurate identification of various urologic tumor cells and blood cells is crucial to improve the sensitivity of urine cytology. Urine cytology represents a non-invasive method frequently employed for urologic tumor detection.
In clinical practice, the primary objective of tumor detection is to acquire comprehensive diagnostic information while minimizing invasiveness and reducing patient discomfort.
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